Electrical · Renewable energy · Final year project
Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor
A dual-axis solar tracker with weather sensing. An Arduino reads light sensors and turns the panel with a servo and stepper motor to face the sun all day, while rain and temperature-humidity sensors protect it in bad weather.
What is the Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor project?
A dual-axis solar tracker with weather sensing. An Arduino reads light sensors and turns the panel with a servo and stepper motor to face the sun all day, while rain and temperature-humidity sensors protect it in bad weather.
Key facts
- Branch
- Electrical Engineering (EE / EEE); also suits E&TC / ECE, Instrumentation
- Type
- Final year project · Advanced
- Suitable for
- Diploma capstone and B.E / B.Tech final year
- Build time
- 6 to 8 weeks
- Estimated component cost
- ₹4,300 – ₹6,300
- Guidance from
- ₹9,999 (Hardware / IoT Final Year)
How the Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor works
- Solar panel and 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer supply the circuit; a regulator gives the controller and sensors a steady 5 V.
- The Water / rain level sensor detects the presence or level of water.
- The Temperature-humidity sensor measures air temperature and relative humidity.
- The Temperature sensor measures the temperature that the system monitors or controls.
- The Push buttons and switches provide manual inputs and the power switch.
- The ATmega328P microcontroller with base board is the brain of the circuit: it samples the sensors, compares readings with set limits and switches the outputs.
- The Servo motor rotates to an exact angle, used for locks, arms and flaps.
- The DC geared motor provides the driving motion.
- The LEDs indicate status.
Block diagram
Inputs
Water / rain level sensorTemperature-humidity sensorTemperature sensorPush buttons and switchesController
ATmega328P microcontroller with base boardOutputs
Servo motorDC geared motorLEDsComponents list and cost
Typical prices from Indian online stores and electronics markets (Lamington Road, Budhwar Peth, SP Road). Buy from one store where you can to save on shipping.
| Component | Qty | What it does | Approx. cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATmega328P microcontroller with base board | 1 | Is the brain of the circuit: it samples the sensors, compares readings with set limits and switches the outputs. | ₹350 |
| Water / rain level sensor | 1 | Detects the presence or level of water. | ₹70 |
| Temperature-humidity sensor (DHT11) | 1 | Measures air temperature and relative humidity. | ₹120 |
| Temperature sensor (LM35 / DS18B20) | 1 | Measures the temperature that the system monitors or controls. | ₹90 |
| Push buttons and switches | 2 | Provide manual inputs and the power switch. | ₹80 |
| Servo motor (MG996R / SG90) | 1 | Rotates to an exact angle, used for locks, arms and flaps. | ₹350 |
| DC geared motor | 1 | Provides the driving motion. | ₹250 |
| LEDs (assorted) | 1 | Indicate status. | ₹20 |
| Solar panel (10–20 W) | 1 | Converts sunlight into electricity to power or charge the system. | ₹900 |
| 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer | 1 | Supplies stable low-voltage power from the mains. | ₹250 |
| Charge controller module | 1 | Charges the battery safely and stops overcharging. | ₹250 |
| Rechargeable battery (12 V 1.3–7 Ah) | 1 | Stores energy and supplies power when mains is absent. | ₹650 |
| Passive components, PCB and wiring kit | 1 | Resistors (assorted), capacitors (assorted), transistors / MOSFETs, cables, connectors and jumper wires, diodes, PCB / breadboard and ICs and IC sockets. | ₹430 |
| Wiring, PCB, soldering and enclosure | 1 | Project overhead | ₹450 |
| Demo model base / mounting board | 1 | Project overhead | ₹500 |
| Testing spares and replacements | 1 | Project overhead | ₹300 |
| Estimated total | Varies with brand, quality and city | ₹4,300 – ₹6,300 |
Prices are estimates for budgeting. We confirm the bill of materials when your design is frozen, and components are charged at actual cost with bills.
How much does this project cost?
| Option | What you get | Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Components only | You buy the parts and build it yourself | ₹4,300 – ₹6,300 |
| Hardware / IoT Final Year | Working model or guided build, Circuit diagram and bill of materials, Firmware / code with explanation | from ₹9,999 + components |
| Capstone Project (CPE) | Working project or model, Black book in MSBTE format, Step-by-step explanation | ₹9,999 + components |
| Diploma ITR | 100% working source code, Project report PDF, PPT | ₹1,999 + components |
No GST and no hidden charges. Use the cost calculator for a quote with your deadline and add-ons, or see all plans.
Download the project brief (PDF)
Summary, working, components and cost and viva questions on one branded PDF to show your guide or team. To get it developed, contact us on WhatsApp.
What you submit with this project
- Working model with circuit diagram and program code
- Project report or black book in your university's chapter order (block diagram, circuit, calculations, results)
- Presentation for the review and final viva
- Synopsis for topic approval, if your college asks for one
Electrical viva questions on this project
What is the aim of the Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor project?
A dual-axis solar tracker with weather sensing. An Arduino reads light sensors and turns the panel with a servo and stepper motor to face the sun all day, while rain and temperature-humidity sensors protect it in bad weather.
Explain the working of your project in short.
Solar panel and 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer supply the circuit; a regulator gives the controller and sensors a steady 5 V. The Water / rain level sensor detects the presence or level of water. The Temperature-humidity sensor measures air temperature and relative humidity. The Temperature sensor measures the temperature that the system monitors or controls.
Why is a microcontroller used in this project?
A microcontroller combines a CPU, memory and I/O pins on one chip, so a single low-cost IC can read sensors, make decisions in code and control loads without a computer.
How is water detected by this sensor?
The exposed conductive tracks are open circuit when dry. Water bridges them and lowers the resistance, and the controller reads the change as a level or as rain.
How does the DHT11 send data to the controller?
It uses a single-wire digital protocol: the controller sends a start pulse and the sensor replies with 40 bits containing humidity, temperature and a checksum.
How does the LM35 temperature sensor work?
LM35 gives an analog output of 10 mV per °C, so 250 mV means 25 °C. The controller reads it with the ADC and converts the value to degrees.
Why is a pull-up resistor needed with a push button?
Without it the input pin floats and reads random values. The pull-up keeps it HIGH until the button connects it to ground.
How did you calculate the power rating of your system?
Using P = V × I for each load, adding a margin of 20 to 25%. The solar panel is sized from the daily energy need divided by about 5 peak sun hours in India. Battery capacity is the energy needed per day divided by the battery voltage and allowable depth of discharge.
What protection have you provided in the circuit?
A fuse against short circuit, relays or optocouplers to isolate the control side from the power side, flyback diodes across inductive loads such as relays and motors, and software limits that cut off on over-current or over-voltage.
What is the efficiency of your system and how did you measure it?
Efficiency = output power ÷ input power × 100. We measured input and output voltage and current with a multimeter at different loads and tabulated the results in the report.
Explain the block diagram of your project.
The input section senses the real-world quantity, the ATmega328P microcontroller with base board processes it according to the program, and the output section displays the result and drives the actuators. The power supply section feeds every block.
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy is how close a reading is to the true value. Precision is how close repeated readings are to each other. A sensor can be precise but inaccurate if it is not calibrated.
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