E&TC / ECE · Robotics and drone · Final year project
Multiple Cities Load Shedding Using ARM
A load-shedding scheduler for several areas. An ARM controller with a built-in RTC switches off three loads, representing three cities, at programmed times to balance supply and demand.
What is the Multiple Cities Load Shedding Using ARM project?
A load-shedding scheduler for several areas. An ARM controller with a built-in RTC switches off three loads, representing three cities, at programmed times to balance supply and demand.
Key facts
- Branch
- Electronics & Telecommunication (E&TC / ECE); also suits Electrical
- Type
- Final year project · Advanced
- Suitable for
- Diploma capstone and B.E / B.Tech final year
- Build time
- 6 to 8 weeks
- Estimated component cost
- ₹2,900 – ₹4,300
- Guidance from
- ₹9,999 (Hardware / IoT Final Year)
How the Multiple Cities Load Shedding Using ARM works
- Voltage regulator / buck converter and 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer supply the circuit; a regulator gives the controller and sensors a steady 5 V.
- The 4×4 matrix keypad lets the user enter a PIN, amount or settings.
- The Real-time clock keeps the date and time, even when power is off, for scheduling.
- The Push buttons and switches provide manual inputs and the power switch.
- The STM32 board provides a fast 32-bit ARM processor for timing-critical control.
- The Relay module switches mains or high-current loads such as lamps, pumps and fans from a low-voltage signal.
- The Motor driver lets the low-current controller run the motors forward, reverse and at variable speed.
- The 16×2 LCD with I2C adapter shows readings, status and messages to the user.
- The LEDs indicate status.
Block diagram
Inputs
4×4 matrix keypadReal-time clockPush buttons and switchesController
STM32 boardOutputs
Relay moduleMotor driver16×2 LCD with I2C adapterLEDsComponents list and cost
Typical prices from Indian online stores and electronics markets (Lamington Road, Budhwar Peth, SP Road). Buy from one store where you can to save on shipping.
| Component | Qty | What it does | Approx. cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| STM32 (Blue Pill) board | 1 | Provides a fast 32-bit ARM processor for timing-critical control. | ₹450 |
| 4×4 matrix keypad | 1 | Lets the user enter a PIN, amount or settings. | ₹90 |
| Real-time clock (DS3231) | 1 | Keeps the date and time, even when power is off, for scheduling. | ₹180 |
| Push buttons and switches | 1 | Provide manual inputs and the power switch. | ₹40 |
| Relay module | 1 | Switches mains or high-current loads such as lamps, pumps and fans from a low-voltage signal. | ₹70 |
| Motor driver (L298N) | 1 | Lets the low-current controller run the motors forward, reverse and at variable speed. | ₹180 |
| 16×2 LCD with I2C adapter | 1 | Shows readings, status and messages to the user. | ₹220 |
| LEDs (assorted) | 1 | Indicate status. | ₹20 |
| Voltage regulator / buck converter | 1 | Provides a steady voltage to the controller and sensors. | ₹80 |
| 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer | 1 | Supplies stable low-voltage power from the mains. | ₹250 |
| Lamp | 1 | Part from the design specification | ₹150* |
| Passive components, PCB and wiring kit | 1 | ICs and IC sockets, crystal oscillator, resistors (assorted), capacitors (assorted), transistors / MOSFETs, cables, connectors and jumper wires, diodes and PCB / breadboard. | ₹445 |
| Wiring, PCB, soldering and enclosure | 1 | Project overhead | ₹450 |
| Demo model base / mounting board | 1 | Project overhead | ₹500 |
| Testing spares and replacements | 1 | Project overhead | ₹300 |
| Estimated total | Varies with brand, quality and city | ₹2,900 – ₹4,300 |
Prices are estimates for budgeting; items marked * depend on the exact size or model chosen. We confirm the bill of materials when your design is frozen, and components are charged at actual cost with bills.
How much does this project cost?
| Option | What you get | Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Components only | You buy the parts and build it yourself | ₹2,900 – ₹4,300 |
| Hardware / IoT Final Year | Working model or guided build, Circuit diagram and bill of materials, Firmware / code with explanation | from ₹9,999 + components |
| Capstone Project (CPE) | Working project or model, Black book in MSBTE format, Step-by-step explanation | ₹9,999 + components |
| Diploma ITR | 100% working source code, Project report PDF, PPT | ₹1,999 + components |
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Download the project brief (PDF)
Summary, working, components and cost and viva questions on one branded PDF to show your guide or team. To get it developed, contact us on WhatsApp.
What you submit with this project
- Working model with circuit diagram and program code
- Project report or black book in your university's chapter order (block diagram, circuit, calculations, results)
- Presentation for the review and final viva
- Synopsis for topic approval, if your college asks for one
E&TC / ECE viva questions on this project
What is the aim of the Multiple Cities Load Shedding Using ARM project?
A load-shedding scheduler for several areas. An ARM controller with a built-in RTC switches off three loads, representing three cities, at programmed times to balance supply and demand.
Explain the working of your project in short.
Voltage regulator / buck converter and 12 V power adapter / step-down transformer supply the circuit; a regulator gives the controller and sensors a steady 5 V. The 4×4 matrix keypad lets the user enter a PIN, amount or settings. The Real-time clock keeps the date and time, even when power is off, for scheduling. The Push buttons and switches provide manual inputs and the power switch.
What is the advantage of a 32-bit ARM controller?
It runs at 72 MHz with more memory and hardware peripherals, so control loops, filtering and communication run faster and more precisely than on an 8-bit controller.
How does the controller read a matrix keypad?
It drives one row LOW at a time and reads the columns. A key press connects a row to a column, so the row-column pair identifies the key with only 8 pins for 16 keys.
Why use an RTC instead of the controller's timer?
The RTC keeps time on its own coin cell when the main power is off and is far more accurate (DS3231 drifts about 2 ppm), so schedules stay correct.
Why is a pull-up resistor needed with a push button?
Without it the input pin floats and reads random values. The pull-up keeps it HIGH until the button connects it to ground.
Why is a relay used?
It electrically isolates the 5 V control circuit from the high-voltage load. The controller energises the coil through a transistor, and the contacts switch the load.
Explain the block diagram of your project.
The input section senses the real-world quantity, the STM32 board processes it according to the program, and the output section displays the result and drives the actuators. The power supply section feeds every block.
Which communication protocols are used between the modules?
I2C for the display, RTC or motion sensor (only SDA and SCL lines) and analog inputs read by the ADC for the analog sensors. Each protocol was chosen because the module supports it and it uses the fewest pins.
What is the operating voltage of the circuit?
The controller and most sensors work at 5 V (ESP boards and some modules at 3.3 V). A 12 V adapter powers the board, and a regulator steps it down. Motors and relays get their own supply line so they do not reset the controller.
How did you calculate the power rating of your system?
Using P = V × I for each load, adding a margin of 20 to 25%.
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